What Does Space Smell Like?

The final frontier smells a lot like a NASCAR race— a bouquet of hot metal, diesel fumes, and barbecue. The source? Dying stars.

The by-products of all this combustion are smelly compounds called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These molecules “seem to be all over the universe,” says Louis Allamandola, the founder and director of the Astrophysics and Astrochemistry Laboratory at NASA Ames Research Center. “And they float around forever,” appearing in comets, meteors, and space dust. These hydrocarbons have even been short-listed as the basis of the earliest forms of life on Earth. Not surprisingly, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can be found in coal, oil, and even food.

Though a pure, unadulter- ated whiff of outer space is impossible for humans (space is a vacuum, after all; we would die if we tried), we can get an indirect sense of the scent: When astronauts work outside the International Space Station, spaceborne compounds adhere to their suits and hitch a ride back into the station. Astronauts have reported smelling “burned” or “fried” steak after a space walk, and they aren’t just dreaming of a home-cooked meal. The smell of space is so memorable and distinct that, three years ago, NASA asked Steven Pearce of the fragrance maker Omega Ingredients to re-create the odor for use in its training simulations. “Recently we did the smell of the Moon,” Pearce says. “Astronauts compared it to spent gunpowder.” Allamandola explains that our solar system is particularly pungent because it is rich in carbon and low in oxygen, and “just like a car, if you starve it of oxygen, you start to see black soot and get a foul smell.” Oxygen-rich stars, however, have aromas reminiscent of a charcoal grill.

Once you leave our galaxy, the smells could get really, really interesting. In dark pockets of the universe, molecular clouds full of tiny dust particles may host a veritable smorgasbord of odors, from wafts of sweet sugar to the rotten-egg stench of sulfur.

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